Top 10 online casinos no deposit bonus — wagering, caps and expiry compared in Australia

What Each Operator Puts on the Table Without a Deposit

The operators in this tier—Wintino, Golisimo, KingBilly, Alawin, Ricky Casino, SkyCrown, King Johnnie, Joe Fortune, Fair Go, and PlayCroco—structure their entry offers in recognisably different ways. Some attach free spins to a specific pokie title, others issue bonus credits usable across the catalogue, and a minority blend both. The critical distinction is whether the amount appears as cash-equivalent balance or as locked spins whose winnings carry their own wagering requirement.

Wintino and Golisimo typically lead with free spins packages, often twenty to thirty spins on a featured game. KingBilly and Alawin favour small bonus credit allotments, frequently in the A$10–A$20 range, credited as a separate wallet. Ricky Casino and SkyCrown have run mixed promotions combining limited spins with minor bonus funds. King Johnnie, Joe Fortune, Fair Go, and PlayCroco tend toward credit-based entry offers, though their seasonal campaigns rotate the format.

The value of a spins-only offer depends heavily on the line bet fixed by the operator. Thirty spins at A$0.10 per line equals A$3.00 of nominal exposure, while the same count at A$0.50 equals A$15.00. Operators rarely advertise the line bet in the banner; it appears only in the promotional terms. A credit-based offer of A$10 with a 50x wagering requirement demands A$500 of turnover, whereas thirty spins at A$0.10 with 40x on winnings demands A$120 of turnover if the player averages even money on the spins. The lower nominal value can therefore be the more efficient path to withdrawable cash.

Seasonal variation matters. Operators in this market frequently swap entry offers between major sporting events, holiday weekends, and pokie launch windows. A player returning to the same operator after six months may find the format changed entirely. The table above lists the current windows, but the underlying structure—spins versus credit, fixed title versus open catalogue—tends to persist by brand even as the numbers shift.

Wagering, Maximum Cashout, and Expiry: The Three Numbers That Decide Value

Every top 10 online casinos no deposit bonus carries three numerical constraints that determine whether the offer is mathematically favourable or effectively worthless. These are: the wagering multiplier applied to either the bonus amount or the winnings derived from it; the maximum cashout cap that limits conversion to real money regardless of accumulated balance; and the expiry window that forces completion of the wagering within a set number of days.

Wagering requirements in the Australian offshore market typically range from 30x to 60x. A 30x requirement on A$10 of bonus credit demands A$300 of turnover. At a 96 percent return-to-player rate on eligible pokies, the expected loss on that turnover is A$12, which exceeds the starting balance—meaning the offer has negative expected value before accounting for variance. A 60x requirement doubles that expected loss to A$24. Only variance, game selection, and occasional above-average returns permit a positive outcome. Operators know this; the requirement is calibrated to make the majority of balances expire inside the window.

Maximum cashout caps are the second decisive filter. A A$10 bonus with 40x wagering and a A$50 cashout cap permits at most A$50 of withdrawable profit even if the player runs the balance to A$500. The cap transforms the offer from a genuine chance at meaningful winnings into a capped coupon. In this tier, caps range widely: some operators set A$50, others A$100, and a minority go as high as A$200 or remove the cap for credit-based offers while retaining it for spins-derived winnings. The table above distinguishes these structures where the information is available.

Expiry windows typically run seven to thirty days. Shorter windows favour the operator by compressing the wagering into a period where normal playing patterns may not generate sufficient turnover. A casual player depositing thirty minutes daily may struggle to clear A$1,000 of turnover in seven days; the same pattern over thirty days is achievable. Some operators split the expiry: the bonus itself expires in seven days if unactivated, while activated bonus funds carry a separate thirty-day wagering deadline. This layered structure catches players who claim immediately but play slowly.

The interaction of these three numbers creates distinct value profiles. A A$15 credit with 35x wagering, A$100 cashout cap, and fourteen-day expiry is materially different from A$30 of spins with 50x on winnings, A$50 cap, and seven-day expiry. The first offers lower expected loss relative to starting value, higher conversion ceiling, and more time. The second offers higher nominal starting value but worse completion economics. Comparing headline figures alone misleads; the three-number analysis is essential.

Which Games Count and at What Rate

Not all wagering is created equal. Operators in the top 10 online casinos no deposit bonus tier apply game weighting schedules that reduce or eliminate contribution from table games, live dealer titles, and certain high-return pokies. A player clearing a bonus exclusively on blackjack may find that only 5 percent or 10 percent of each bet counts toward the requirement, effectively multiplying the stated wagering figure by ten or twenty.

Pokies generally contribute at 100 percent, but with exceptions. Progressive jackpot titles, high-RTP games above 97 percent, and specific branded titles are frequently excluded or capped at reduced rates. The typical exclusion list runs twenty to fifty titles. Operators do not always publish this list in the main promotional terms; it may reside in a separate game weighting document or the general bonus policy. Players who begin wagering on excluded titles receive no contribution credit, discovering the limitation only when checking progress against the requirement.

Table games present the most variable contribution structure. European roulette may contribute 10 percent, American roulette 5 percent, blackjack variants between 5 percent and 25 percent depending on specific rule sets, and baccarat frequently 0 percent. Video poker typically ranges 5 percent to 20 percent. These rates are not standardised across operators; one brand may weight blackjack at 25 percent while another weights it at 5 percent for the identical bonus type.

Live dealer games are almost universally excluded from no-deposit bonus wagering, or capped at 1 percent to 5 percent. The rationale is structural: live games carry higher operational costs and lower house margins on some bet types, making them unfavourable for bonus clearing economics. A player attracted to live roulette or blackjack who attempts to clear a no-deposit offer on those tables will face either negligible progress or outright voiding of the bonus.

The practical implication is that pokie selection becomes the primary lever for efficient clearing. Within the eligible pokie pool, variance and RTP differ substantially. Low-volatility titles with frequent small returns generate steady turnover with lower balance risk, extending play time toward the wagering target. High-volatility titles with rare large returns create binary outcomes: early bust or rapid overshoot of the cashout cap. Neither strategy guarantees conversion, but the low-volatility path maximises the probability of reaching the wagering threshold with balance remaining.

The Claim Procedure Step by Step, Including Verification

Obtaining a top 10 online casinos no deposit bonus follows a standardised sequence across Australian-facing operators, though individual brands vary in timing, documentation requirements, and activation mechanics. Understanding the sequence prevents forfeiture through procedural error.

Step one is account registration. The player submits email, password, currency preference (AUD), and residential jurisdiction. Some operators pre-filter by IP geolocation; others rely on self-declaration with subsequent verification. At this stage, no deposit is required, but the account must be fully registered—not merely a partially completed form—to trigger bonus eligibility.

Step two is bonus activation. Some operators credit the bonus automatically upon registration completion; others require manual opt-in via a promotional page, bonus code entry, or live chat request. The activation window matters: bonuses not claimed within twenty-four to seventy-two hours of registration may expire unclaimed. Operators differ on whether the expiry clock starts at registration or at first login. What a fixed deposit buys at each operator is compared in the Australian online pokies guide.

Step three is identity verification, increasingly required before bonus release rather than at first withdrawal. The standard document set includes government-issued photo identification, proof of address dated within ninety days, and sometimes payment method verification even for no-deposit players. The rationale is regulatory: operators must demonstrate that promotional funds do not reach excluded persons, minors, or residents of prohibited jurisdictions. Verification turnaround ranges from two hours to five business days depending on operator staffing and document clarity.

Step four is wagering commencement. The bonus balance appears in a segregated wallet or as a distinct tracker alongside real money. Only bets placed from the bonus wallet count toward the requirement; mixed-wallet play may invalidate progress or apply incorrect weighting. The player must monitor remaining wagering, which some interfaces display prominently and others bury in account submenus.

Step five, upon successful wagering completion, is conversion to withdrawable cash. The converted amount may be subject to the cashout cap, a subsequent minimum withdrawal threshold, and a pending period before processing. Some operators impose a separate wagering requirement on the converted amount—rare but present in certain legacy terms—effectively doubling the clearing burden. The cost of play is broken down in the blackjack online page.

Step six is withdrawal request, which triggers additional verification for first-time cashouts. The player must demonstrate that the wagering was completed in compliance with all terms, including game restrictions, bet size limits, and session patterns. Operators reserve the right to void winnings for irregular play, a broadly defined category discussed in the following section.

Restrictions That Void the Offer Entirely

Every top 10 online casinos no deposit bonus carries termination clauses that convert a promising balance to zero instantly. These restrictions fall into several categories: bet size limits, game exclusions, account duplication, irregular play patterns, and jurisdictional violations.

Bet size limits during bonus wagering are typically A$5 to A$10 per spin or equivalent table bet. A single bet exceeding this limit, even accidentally, voids the bonus and associated winnings. The enforcement is automated: the system flags the oversized bet at placement or at wagering completion review. Some operators apply the limit to the base bet only; others include any gamble or double-up features activated within the game. The safest approach is to set the game bet well below the limit, at A$1 or A$2, eliminating margin for interface error.

Game exclusions extend beyond the contribution weighting discussed earlier. Playing entirely excluded titles—progressive jackpots, live dealer tables, or specifically named high-RTP pokies—voids the bonus if detected. The detection may be immediate (blocked bet placement) or retrospective (voiding at withdrawal review). Players who switch games mid-session must verify that each title is eligible; the promotional terms list is not always exhaustive, and newly added games may default to exclusion until explicitly included. This is picked up again in PayID casino Australia.

Account duplication is grounds for immediate voiding and potential account closure. Operators cross-reference registration data—email, IP address, device fingerprint, payment method history—to identify multiple accounts per individual. The prohibition extends to household-level duplication: two accounts from the same residential address, even for different individuals, may trigger review. Players in shared housing or using public networks face elevated risk of false-positive duplication flags.

Irregular play is the most broadly defined violation. It includes: wagering the entire bonus on a single outcome or small number of outcomes; using betting patterns designed to minimise risk (covering multiple outcomes simultaneously in roulette); extended periods of inactivity followed by concentrated wagering; and any pattern the operator deems inconsistent with recreational play. The definition grants operators substantial discretion, and disputes rarely favour the player. The defensive strategy is consistent, moderate, varied play across eligible games at stable bet sizes.

Jurisdictional violations arise when a player from a prohibited state or territory accesses the offer. Australian federal law permits interactive gambling services to be offered to Australians only under specific licensing frameworks that most offshore operators do not hold. Operators nonetheless accept Australian players under international licences, but reserve the right to void bonuses and withhold withdrawals if residence in a prohibited jurisdiction is discovered. Verification documentation that reveals an address in a restricted state—Western Australia has stricter advertising prohibitions, for instance—may trigger this clause. Response times and escalation routes are measured in our best Bitcoin casino rundown.

Finally, chargebacks or payment disputes on any account, even unrelated to the no-deposit bonus, frequently trigger universal bonus voiding across all active promotions. The operator treats the dispute as a trust violation, applying broad contractual remedies. Players with legitimate payment disputes must weigh the recovery value against potential forfeiture of bonus balances and account standing.

How These Offers Fit Within the Broader Australian Market

The top 10 online casinos no deposit bonus tier occupies a specific position in the Australian interactive gambling landscape. These operators compete with regulated domestic services, unregulated but established offshore brands, and emerging entrants testing market receptivity. The no-deposit mechanism is their primary differentiation tool, since they cannot match the brand recognition or regulatory comfort of domestic-licensed alternatives.

Australian players evaluating these offers face a market structure where the best Australian online casino by some measures—licence credibility, dispute resolution, consumer protection—may not offer any no-deposit entry at all. The trade-off is explicit: verified regulatory standing versus promotional generosity. Players prioritising the former deposit immediately with documented protections; players prioritising the latter accept elevated counterparty risk in exchange for exploratory funding.

The no-deposit tier also interacts dynamically with the new online casinos Australia segment. New entrants frequently launch with aggressive no-deposit campaigns to establish player bases rapidly, then taper or eliminate the offers once brand recognition develops. A player tracking the market observes that operators in the top 10 online casinos no deposit bonus list two years ago have largely shifted to deposit-match structures, while newer names carry the current no-deposit inventory. This lifecycle pattern suggests that current no-deposit availability is a transient feature of operator maturity rather than a permanent market characteristic.

Mobile access shapes the practical value of these offers. The mobile casino Australia segment demands full bonus functionality on smartphone and tablet interfaces, including activation, wagering progress tracking, and withdrawal initiation. Operators whose desktop bonuses fail to synchronise with mobile wallets, or whose game eligibility differs across platforms, create forfeiture risk for players who switch devices mid-clearing. The technical infrastructure varies: some operators run unified wallets across all interfaces; others maintain platform-specific bonus tracking that requires manual reconciliation.

Comparing Entry Offers to Deposit-Required Alternatives

The no-deposit tier sits adjacent to deposit-match and free-spin offers that require initial funding. Understanding the structural differences clarifies when a no-deposit path is preferable and when it functions merely as a stepping stone toward deposit-required value. What happens when something goes wrong is covered in our online poker rundown.

Deposit-match offers typically carry lower wagering requirements—20x to 35x combined deposit plus bonus—and higher or absent cashout caps. A 100 percent match on A$100 with 30x wagering requires A$6,000 of turnover, against a A$200 starting balance. The expected loss at 96 percent RTP is A$240, slightly negative but with substantial variance. The absence of a cashout cap permits genuinely large conversions. The economic structure favours players with established bankrolls and tolerance for larger exposure.

No-deposit offers invert this structure: small starting balance, high wagering multiple, hard cashout cap, but zero capital at risk. The preference between structures depends on player circumstances. A player uncertain about operator quality, or with limited initial capital, or evaluating multiple platforms sequentially, benefits from no-deposit exploration. A player committed to sustained play on a single platform, with verified operator reliability, extracts more expected value from deposit-match structures despite the capital requirement.

Some operators in this tier run hybrid structures: a modest no-deposit offer unlocks upon registration, with enhanced deposit-match terms available for thirty days thereafter. This sequencing captures the exploratory player and incentivises conversion to funded status. The no-deposit component functions as marketing cost; the deposit-match component carries the operational economics. Players should evaluate the full sequence, not merely the entry offer, when comparing operators. A separate page, the best online pokies guide, goes into this in detail.

The welcome bonus Australia market segments further by player type. High-volume players prioritise large match percentages and high caps; casual players prioritise low minimum deposits and achievable wagering; bonus hunters prioritise positive expected value combinations. The no-deposit tier serves primarily the casual and exploratory segments, with limited relevance to high-volume strategy.

The Verification Landscape and Its Impact on Bonus Timelines

Verification timing has shifted materially in the Australian-facing market. Historically, operators permitted bonus play and wagering completion before any identity check, verifying only at first withdrawal. Regulatory pressure and fraud mitigation have moved verification earlier: many operators now require document submission before bonus release, or permit bonus play but block conversion until verification completes.

This shift affects the effective expiry window. A fourteen-day bonus period with five-day verification processing leaves nine days of actual wagering time. Players who delay verification reduce their practical clearing window substantially. The optimal sequence is immediate document submission upon registration, even before bonus activation, to ensure parallel processing.

Document requirements have also expanded. Standard requests now include: primary identification (passport, driver licence, or national ID); secondary address verification (utility bill, bank statement, or government correspondence); and sometimes source-of-funds documentation for no-deposit players, justified as anti-money-laundering protocol. The source-of-funds request for a player who has not deposited is logically anomalous but contractually permitted under broad operator discretion. The related figures are collected in our e-wallet casino Australia rundown.

The no verification casino Australia segment markets itself as bypassing this friction, but the bypass is frequently illusory. Operators advertising reduced verification may still apply automated checks—credit reference matching, device fingerprinting, behavioural analysis—that trigger manual review for flagged accounts. The reduced documentation applies only to low-risk automated profiles; players with address mismatches, common names, or technical anomalies face full verification regardless of marketing claims. The genuine distinction is speed and friction for the subset of players who clear automated screening, not universal elimination of identity checks.

Worked Examples: How the Numbers Play Out

Concrete scenarios illustrate the conversion dynamics across representative operator profiles in the top 10 online casinos no deposit bonus tier. These are editorial constructions for explanatory purposes, not derived from testing or verified operator data.

Scenario A: A$15 bonus credit, 35x wagering, A$100 cap, fourteen days, 100 percent pokie contribution, 96 percent RTP, A$0.50 bets on low-volatility pokie. Expected turnover requirement: A$525. Expected loss: A$21. Starting balance A$15 minus expected loss A$21 equals negative A$6 expected value before variance. At A$0.50 bets, 1,050 spins generate sufficient variance compression that conversion probability is approximately 10 percent. Conditional conversion value capped at A$100, but realistically concentrated near A$20–A$40 given wagering attrition. Unconditional expected value: roughly A$5.

Scenario B: thirty free spins at A$0.20 line bet, 45x on winnings, A$50 cap, seven days. Nominal exposure: A$6.00. Average return at 96 percent RTP: A$5.76 gross, but spin outcomes are highly variable. Assume A$8.00 in winnings post-spins. Wagering requirement: A$360. Expected loss on wagering: A$14.40. Net expected position: A$8.00 minus A$14.40 equals negative A$6.40. Seven-day window at moderate play intensity permits perhaps 500 spins of A$0.20, or A$100 of turnover—far below the A$360 requirement. Conversion probability drops to perhaps 4 percent unless bet size increases, which increases variance and depletion risk. Unconditional expected value: roughly A$2.

Scenario C: A$25 credit, 50x wagering, no cap, twenty-one days, mixed game play with 50 percent table game contribution at 10 percent weighting. A player splitting play equally between pokies (100 percent contribution) and blackjack (10 percent contribution) generates effective contribution of 55 percent. Stated wagering A$1,250 becomes effective wagering approximately A$2,273. Expected loss at blended 97 percent RTP (blackjack basic strategy) and 96 percent RTP (pokies): roughly A$68. Negative expected value of A$43 against A$25 start. However, no cap permits unlimited upside on conversion. A player who survives to wagering completion with A$200 balance extracts full A$200. The unlimited cap attracts variance-seeking play despite poor base expectation. The comparison that ranks every site is on the main top 10 online casinos page.

These scenarios demonstrate that no single offer structure dominates. The A$15 credit with moderate terms may outperform the A$25 credit with punitive terms, and the no-cap structure appeals to risk-preferring players despite worse expected value. Individual player characteristics—time availability, variance tolerance, game preference—determine optimal selection.

Seasonal and Promotional Variability

The top 10 online casinos no deposit bonus inventory fluctuates with calendar and competitive pressure. Understanding these rhythms helps players time engagement for optimal terms.

New financial year periods (July in Australia) frequently see refreshed marketing budgets and competitive acquisition campaigns. Operators may temporarily reduce wagering requirements, increase cashout caps, or add free spins to existing credit offers. These windows typically last two to four weeks and are not always announced in advance.

Major sporting events—Australian Open, AFL finals, Melbourne Cup—trigger event-themed promotions with enhanced no-deposit components. The enhancement is usually nominal: branded pokie titles, minor credit increases, or accelerated loyalty point accrual rather than structural improvement of wagering terms. The marketing value exceeds the player value.

Counter-cyclical patterns also appear. Operators struggling with seasonal deposit volume—post-holiday January, mid-winter July—may intensify no-deposit activity to maintain registered player counts. Conversely, peak periods with high organic traffic may see reduced no-deposit generosity as acquisition needs diminish. The new online casinos Australia no deposit bonus segment is particularly volatile, with new entrants launching aggressive terms and established operators responding defensively.

Players monitoring the market observe that terms degrade over an operator's lifecycle. Launch-phase generosity gives way to tightened wagering, reduced caps, and shorter expiries as the operator's player base matures. The operators in this tier are at varying lifecycle stages; some are recent entrants with relatively favourable current terms, others are mature brands with legacy player bases and correspondingly reduced acquisition investment.

Responsible Engagement with No-Deposit Offers

The risk-free framing of top 10 online casinos no deposit bonus offers obscures behavioural risks. The absence of capital exposure does not eliminate psychological engagement patterns that can translate to problematic play once real deposits commence.

The progression from no-deposit exploration to funded play is the operator's intended conversion path. Players who experience near-misses on bonus clearing—balance reaching A$80 before collapsing on final wagering steps—may experience heightened motivation to deposit and "complete" the near-success. This pattern, well-documented in gambling behaviour research, transforms the no-deposit offer from risk-free exploration into a behavioural priming mechanism.

Time investment also carries cost. Hours spent clearing a bonus with A$5 expected value represent a poor hourly return, though players rarely calculate this explicitly. The framing as "free money" obscures the labour equivalent. Players with limited leisure time might more efficiently evaluate operators through demo-mode play, which requires no registration or wagering commitment, though it offers no conversion pathway.

The safe online casino evaluation framework—licence verification, dispute resolution access, responsible gambling tool availability, transparent terms—applies equally to no-deposit and deposit-required engagement. A player who clears a no-deposit offer and deposits subsequently on an operator lacking these protections has transferred from zero-risk exploration to elevated-risk funded play without adequate due diligence. The no-deposit phase should include systematic operator evaluation, not merely bonus clearing.

Responsible gambling tools available on most platforms—deposit limits, session timers, self-exclusion—should be configured before any funded play, and ideally before bonus clearing establishes behavioural patterns. The top 10 online casinos slots segment, with its high event frequency and immersive design, presents particular risk for accelerated play. Setting a session limit of thirty minutes for bonus clearing, regardless of wagering progress, maintains controlled engagement.

Cross-Reference to Related Market Segments

The no-deposit tier intersects with several adjacent market categories that players navigate concurrently. Understanding these intersections prevents category confusion and misplaced expectations.

The top 10 online casinos for real money segment encompasses both no-deposit entry and immediate funded play, with the latter dominating volume and revenue. No-deposit players represent a minority of active accounts but a majority of registered accounts, creating a funnel structure where most no-deposit registrants never convert to depositing status. Operators manage this funnel with automated re-engagement campaigns, dormant account bonuses, and retargeting communications.

The top 10 real money online casinos ranking methodology—where editorial judgement, not derived from testing, evaluates operators—typically weights deposit-required experience more heavily than no-deposit terms. This reflects the reality that sustained play occurs on funded balances, and that no-deposit terms are transient marketing variables rather than structural operator characteristics. A player relying solely on no-deposit generosity for operator selection may find the ranked order shifting unpredictably as terms change.

The no deposit bonus Australia market includes offers beyond the casino vertical: sports betting free bets, poker tournament tickets, bingo entry packages. These vertical-specific offers carry distinct wagering structures and game contribution rules. A player active across verticals must track separate bonus wallets and expiry schedules, with cross-vertical play sometimes permitted and sometimes excluded by operator policy.

Practical Checklist Before Claiming

Players evaluating any top 10 online casinos no deposit bonus should verify specific elements before activation. This checklist consolidates the preceding analysis into actionable verification steps.

• Confirm the offer is currently active, not expired or replaced by a deposit-required alternative
• Identify whether the offer is credit-based, spins-based, or hybrid, and note the nominal value calculation
• Locate the wagering requirement figure and determine whether it applies to bonus only or bonus plus winnings
• Identify the cashout cap and calculate the maximum realistic conversion
• Note the expiry window and assess achievable wagering given personal time availability
• Review the eligible game list and contribution percentages, with particular attention to excluded titles
• Confirm bet size limits during wagering and set game interfaces accordingly
• Determine verification timing—before bonus release, before conversion, or at withdrawal—and prepare documentation
• Review irregular play definitions and plan consistent, moderate betting pattern
• Assess operator reputation through licence display, terms transparency, and support responsiveness during pre-claim inquiry

Systematic application of this checklist prevents the majority of forfeiture scenarios and establishes realistic conversion expectations. The checklist takes five to ten minutes per operator; the time investment is justified against hours of potential wasted wagering on unfavourable or misunderstood terms.

Final Assessment

The top 10 online casinos no deposit bonus tier offers genuine but limited value for Australian players. The offers function best as zero-risk exploration tools and operator evaluation mechanisms, not as primary profit opportunities. Conversion is possible but improbable; when it occurs, it is capped; and the path to conversion demands careful navigation of wagering requirements, game restrictions, and behavioural constraints.

Players who approach these offers with calibrated expectations—treating the nominal value as entertainment budget with lottery upside, rather than as accessible cash—avoid the disappointment that drives premature deposit chasing. The operators in this tier, Wintino through PlayCroco, compete primarily on the generosity and accessibility of their entry offers, but sustained player value depends on subsequent deposit terms, game catalogue depth, withdrawal reliability, and support quality.

The analytical framework presented here—three-number evaluation, game contribution assessment, procedural verification, realistic conversion modelling, and restriction avoidance—applies across the tier regardless of specific operator branding. Players who internalise this framework make materially better selections than those responding to headline figures alone. The no-deposit market rewards analytical discipline over promotional enthusiasm.

The ranges in this table reflect observed variation across promotional periods and player segments; specific terms at any moment may fall outside these ranges. Players should verify current terms directly before claiming, treating this table as orientation rather than contract.